Terrain and tree stand effect on the spatial variation of the soil penetration resistance in Urban Park

The recreation loading causes soil compaction which induces negative tendencies for the urban environment. The objectives of this study were to investigate the role of relief and tree stand density in the soil penetration resistance variation within an urban park, to assess the most suitable variogram models to evaluate the autocorrelation of regression models, and to map the spatial variability of soil penetration resistance. The combination of regression and spatial models allowed the research team to evaluate the spatial variation of the soil penetration resistance on different soil layers