The impact of urban park reconstruction on the aggregate structure of soil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32819/021103Keywords:
ecosystem services; human ecology; soil quality; environmental management; sustainability of ecosystems.Abstract
In urban park reconstruction, one of the target management functions is soil quality. The aggregate structure provides the ability to efficiently perform soil ecosystem functions. The study examined the impact of park reconstruction on soil aggregate structure. The study was conducted in the recreational area of the Botanical Garden of the Oles Honchar Dnipro National University (Ukraine), where a 2.8-hectare section of the park has been reconstructed. Reconstruction work on the park included such processes as restoring pedestrian paths, removing shrubs and old damaged trees, and trimming tree crowns. Young trees were planted in places of distant old trees. Old outbuildings that had impaired the aesthetics of the park were also removed. Transport and construction equipment was involved in the reconstruction. There was found that there is an opposite dependence between the size of the fractions and their representation in the structure: the larger the size of the aggregate fraction, the smaller weight this fraction has. According to the index values, the state of the aggregate structure can be defined as good in a predominant number of cases. In a small number of cases, the condition can be assessed as satisfactory or excellent. The distribution of the aggregate fractions can be described by gamma law, the normal law, or a mixture of Gauss laws. The impact of reconstruction and the spatial aspect of variability can explain 15–69% of the variation in the content of aggregate fractions. In the condition of reconstruction, the content of larger fractions decreases, while the content of smaller fractions, on the contrary, increases. As a result of the reconstruction, the average size of aggregate fractions and structure coefficient (ratio of 1–10 mm fractions to dust particles) decreased. After reconstruction, the content of 3–5 mm aggregate fractions in the park's soil does not exceed 10.8% and/or the content of 2–3 mm aggregate fractions does not exceed 15.1%. The exposure of the area to wind combined with the increase in the content of the dust fraction is a very dangerous phenomenon induced by the reconstruction of the park. Decrease in the coefficient of soil structure indicates deterioration of the conditions of soil biota. The deterioration is due to a decrease in the specific weight of mesoaggregates and an increase in the proportion of microaggregates in the structure. Such a trend can lead to colmatage, that is, the space between meso- and macroaggregates can be densely filled with microaggregates, resulting in deterioration of the water and air regime of soils. Also, an increase in the dust fraction increases the risk of crust formation. The soil crust slows the gas exchange and also inhibits the infiltration of water that reaches the ground surface with precipitation, changing the vertical flow of water that replenishes soil moisture to lateral flow, which can accelerate water erosion of the soil. Reconstruction of the park should include alkalization of soil with sod grasses to restore soil structure and protect the soil cover from aerial erosion.
References
Bathke, G. R., & Blake, G. R. (1984). Effects of soybeans on soil pro¬perties related to soil erodibility. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 48(6), 1398–1401.
Belnap, J., Budel, B., & Lange, O. L. (2001). Biological soil crusts: Characteristics and distribution. In: Belnap, J., & Lange, O. L. (Eds.). Biological soil crusts: Structure, function, and management. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. Pp. 1–30.
Bengough, A. G., Loades, K., & McKenzie, B. M. (2016). Root hairs aid soil penetration by anchoring the root surface to pore walls. Journal of Experimental Botany, 67(4), 1071–1078.
Bochet, E., Rubio, J. L., & Poesen, J. (1999). Modified topsoil islands within patchy Mediterranean vegetation in SE Spain. Catena, 38(1), 23–44.
Bronick, C. J., & Lal, R. (2005). Soil structure and management: A review. Geoderma, 124, 3–22.
Campbell, C. A., Curtin, D., Moulin, A. P., Townley-Smith, L., & La¬fond, G. P. (1993). Soil aggregation as influenced by cultural prac¬tices in Saskatchewan: I. Black chernozemic soils. Canadian Jour¬nal of Soil Science, 73(4), 579–595.
Chiesura, A. (2004). The role of urban parks for the sustainable city. Landscape and Urban Planning, 68(1), 129–138.
Ciric, V., Manojlovic, M., Nesic, L., & Belic, M. (2012). Soil dry ag¬gregate size distribution: Effects of soil type and land use. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 12(4), 689–703.
Cohen, D. A., McKenzie, T. L., Sehgal, A., Williamson, S., Golinelli, D., & Lurie, N. (2007). Contribution of public parks to physical ac¬tivity. American Journal of Public Health, 97(3), 509–514.
Cohen, P., Potchter, O., & Schnell, I. (2014). A methodological appro¬ach to the environmental quantitative assessment of urban parks. Applied Geography, 48, 87–101.
Colazo, J. C., & Buschiazzo, D. E. (2010). Soil dry aggregate stability and wind erodible fraction in a semiarid environment of Argentina. Geoderma, 159, 228–236.
Dalla Rosa, J., Cooper, M., Darboux, F., Medeiros, J., Campanaro, C., & Martins Pinto, L. (2017). Influence of crust formation on soil po¬rosity under tillage systems and simulated rainfall. Hydrology, 4(1), 3.
DeGryze, S., Six, J., Paustian, K., Morris, S. J., Paul, E. A., & Merckx, R. (2004). Soil organic carbon pool changes following land-use conversions. Global Change Biology, 10(7), 1120–1132.
Georgi, N. J., & Zafiriadis, K. (2006). The impact of park trees on microclimate in urban areas. Urban Ecosystems, 9(3), 195–209.
Godbey, G. C., Caldwell, L. L., Floyd, M., & Payne, L. L. (2005). Con¬tributions of leisure studies and recreation and park management research to the active living agenda. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(2), 150–158.
Goncharenko, I., & Kovalenko, O. (2019). Oak forests of the class Quercetea pubescentis in Central-Eastern Ukraine. Thaiszia Journal of Botany, 29(2), 191–215.
Goncharenko, I., Semenishchenkov, Y., Tsakalos, J. L., & Mucina, L. (2020). Thermophilous oak forests of the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Ukraine and Western Russia. Biologia, 75(3), 337–353.
Guber, A., Pachepsky, Y., Shein, E., & Rawls, W. J. (2004). Soil aggrega¬tes and water retention. Developments in Soil Science, 30, 143–151.
Hajzeri, A. (2021). The management of urban parks and its contribution to social interactions. Arboricultural Journal, 43(3), 187–195.
Hamblin, A. P. (1982). Soil water behaviour in response to changes in soil structure. Journal of Soil Science, 33(3), 375–386.
Hillel, D. (2003). Introduction to environmental soil physics. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Hou, E.-Q., Xiang, H.-M., Li, J.-L., Li, J., & Wen, D.-Z. (2015). Soil acidification and heavy metals in urban parks as affected by recon¬struction intensity in a humid subtropical environment. Pedosphere, 25(1), 82–92.
Hoyos, N., & Comerford, N. B. (2005). Land use and landscape effects on aggregate stability and total carbon of andisols from the Colombian Andes. Geoderma, 129, 268–278.
Janeau, J. L., Mauchamp, A., & Tarin, G. (1999). The soil surface cha¬racteristics of vegetation stripes in Northern Mexico and their influences on the system hydrodynamics. Catena, 37, 165–173.
Javed, A., Ali, E., Binte Afzal, K., Osman, A., & Riaz, D. S. (2022). Soil fertility: Factors affecting soil fertility, and biodiversity res¬ponsible for soil fertility. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences, 12, 21–33.
Jim, C. Y. (1987). Trampling impacts of recreationists on picnic sites in a Hong Kong country park. Environmental Conservation, 14(2), 117–127.
Jim, C. Y. (1993). Soil compaction as a constraint to tree growth in tro¬pical and subtropical urban habitats. Environmental Conservation, 20(1), 35–49.
Konarska, J., Lindberg, F., Larsson, A., Thorsson, S., & Holmer, B. (2014). Transmissivity of solar radiation through crowns of single urban trees – application for outdoor thermal comfort modelling. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 117, 363–376.
Kotzen, B. (2003). An investigation of shade under six different tree species of the Negev Desert towards their potential use for enhan¬cing micro-climatic conditions in landscape architectural develop¬ment. Journal of Arid Environments, 55(2), 231–274.
Kunakh, O. M., Lisovets, O. I., Yorkina, N. V., & Zhukova, Y. O. (2021). Phytoindication assessment of the effect of reconstruction on the light regime of an urban park. Biosystems Diversity, 29(3), 84–93.
Kunakh, O. M., Yorkina, N. V., Turovtseva, N. M., Bredikhina, J. L., Balyuk, J. O., & Golovnya, A. V. (2021). Effect of urban park reconstruction on physical soil properties. Ecologia Balkanica, 13(2), 57–73.
Kuss, F. R. (1986). A review of major factors influencing plant responses to recreation impacts. Environmental Management, 10(5), 637–650.
Lal, R. (1991). Soil structure and sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 1(4), 67–92.
Li, G., Sun, G. X., Ren, Y., Luo, X. S., & Zhu, Y. G. (2018). Urban soil and human health: A review. European Journal of Soil Science, 69(1), 196–215.
Li, G., Wan, L., Cui, M., Wu, B., & Zhou, J. (2019). Influence of cano¬py interception and rainfall kinetic energy on soil erosion under forests. Forests, 10(6), 509.
Li, W., Ouyang, Z., Meng, X., & Wang, X. (2006). Plant species compo¬sition in relation to green cover configuration and function of urban parks in Beijing, China. Ecological Research, 21(2), 221–237.
Li, Y. (2020). Reconstruction of plant space in the urban park guided by visual experience of tourists – A case study of the Ait park affores¬tation design in Fuzhou. In: Shoji, H., Koyama, S., Kato, T., Mura¬matsu, K., Yamanaka, T., Lévy, P., Chen, K., & Lokman, A. (Eds.). Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Kansei Enginee¬ring and Emotion Research. Springer, Singapore. Pp. 349–358.
Lodhi, M. A. K. (1977). The influence and comparison of individual fo¬rest trees on soil properties and possible inhibition of nitrification due to intact vegetation. American Journal of Botany, 64(3), 260.
Mäntymaa, E., Jokinen, M., Juutinen, A., Lankia, T., & Louhi, P. (2021). Providing ecological, cultural and commercial services in an urban park: A travel cost – contingent behavior application in Finland. Landscape and Urban Planning, 209, 104042.
Medvedev, V. V. (2008). Soil structure (methods, genesis, classificati¬on, evolution, geography, monitoring, protection). 13 Printing Ho¬use, Kharkov.
Medvedev, V. V., & Cybulko, W. G. (1995). Soil criteria for assessing the maximum permissible ground pressure of agricultural vehicles on chernozem soils. Soil and Tillage Research, 36, 153–164.
Mexia, T., Vieira, J., Príncipe, A., Anjos, A., Silva, P., Lopes, N., Freitas, C., Santos-Reis, M., Correia, O., Branquinho, C., & Pinho, P. (2018). Ecosystem services: Urban parks under a magnifying glass. Environmental Research, 160, 469–478.
Milano, V., Maisto, G., Baldantoni, D., Bellino, A., Bernard, C., Croce, A., Dubs, F., Strumia, S., & Cortet, J. (2018). The effect of urban park landscapes on soil Collembola diversity: A Mediterranean case study. Landscape and Urban Planning, 180, 135–147.
Morris, S. (1999). Spatial distribution of fungal and bacterial biomass in Southern Ohio hardwood forest soils: Fine scale variability and microscale patterns. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 31(10), 1375–1386.
Neufeldt, H., Ayarza, M. A., Resck, D. V. S., & Zech, W. (1999). Dis¬tribution of water-stable aggregates and aggregating agents in Cer¬rado Oxisols. Geoderma, 93, 85–99.
Oades, J., & Waters, A. (1991). Aggregate hierarchy in soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 29(6), 815–828.
Pachepsky, Y. A., & Rawls, W. J. (2003). Soil structure and pedotrans¬fer functions. European Journal of Soil Science, 54(3), 443–452.
Pariente, S. (2002). Spatial patterns of soil moisture as affected by shrubs, in different climatic conditions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 73, 237–251.
Pavao-Zuckerman, M. A. (2008). The nature of urban soils and their role in ecological restoration in cities. Restoration Ecology, 16(4), 642–649.
Reynolds, J. F., Kemp, P. R., & Tenhunen, J. D. (2000). Effects of long-term rainfall variability on evapotranspiration and soil water distribution in the Chihuahuan Desert: A modeling analysis. Plant Ecology, 150, 145–159.
Romzaykina, O. N., Vasenev, V. I., Khakimova, R. R., Hajiaghayeva, R., Stoorvogel, J. J., & Dovletyarova, E. A. (2017). Spatial variability of soil properties in the urban park before and after reconstruction. Soil and Environment, 36(2), 155–165.
Rostagno, C. M., & del Valle, H. F. (1988). Mounds associated with shrubs in aridic soils of Northeastern Patagonia: Characteristics and probable genesis. Catena, 15, 347–359.
Sarah, P., & Rodeh, Y. (2004). Soil structure variations under manipu¬lations of water and vegetation. Journal of Arid Environments, 58(1), 43–57.
Sarah, P., & Zhevelev, H. M. (2007). Effect of visitors’ pressure on soil and vegetation in several different micro-environments in urban parks in Tel Aviv. Landscape and Urban Planning, 83(4), 284–293.
Sarah, P., Zhevelev, H. M., & Oz, A. (2015). Urban park soil and vege¬tation: Effects of natural and anthropogenic factors. Pedosphere, 25(3), 392–404.
Savinov, N. O. (1936). Soil physics. Sielchozgiz Press, Moscow (in Russian).
Shanahan, D. F., Fuller, R. A., Bush, R., Lin, B. B., & Gaston, K. J. (2015). The health benefits of urban nature: How much do we need? BioScience, 65(5), 476–485.
Shein, E. V., Shcheglov, D. I., Umarova, A. B., Sokolova, I. V., & Mi¬lanovskii, E. Y. (2009). Structural status of technogenic soils and the development of preferential water flows. Eurasian Soil Science, 42(6), 636–644.
Shein, Y. V., Arhangelskaya, T. A., Goncharov, V. M., Guber, A. K., Pochatkova, T. N., Sidorova, M. A., Smagin, A. V., & Umarova, A. B. (2001). Field and laboratory methods of physical properties and soil status investigations. Moscow State University Press, Moscow (in Russian).
Six, J., Elliott, E. T., Paustian, K., & Doran, J. W. (1998). Aggregation and soil organic matter accumulation in cultivated and native grass¬land soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 62(5), 1367–1377.
Six, J., Paustian, K., Elliott, E. T., & Combrink, C. (2000). Soil structu¬re and organic matter I. Distribution of aggregate size classes and aggregate associated carbon. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 64(2), 681–689.
Smirnova, L. G., Novykh, L. L., & Pelekhotse, E. A. (2006). Physical properties of chernozems on slopes in the landscape farming system. Eurasian Soil Science, 39(3), 278–282.
Southon, G. E., Jorgensen, A., Dunnett, N., Hoyle, H., & Evans, K. L. (2018). Perceived species-richness in urban green spaces: Cues, accuracy and well-being impacts. Landscape and Urban Planning, 172, 1–10.
Staniec, M., & Nowak, H. (2016). The application of energy balance at the bare soil surface to predict annual soil temperature distribution. Energy and Buildings, 127, 56–65.
Suckall, N., Fraser, E. D. G., Cooper, T., & Quinn, C. (2009). Visitor perceptions of rural landscapes: A case study in the Peak District National Park, England. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(2), 1195–1203.
Thompson, C. W. (2002). Urban open space in the 21st century. Land¬scape and Urban Planning, 60(2), 59–72.
Tisdall, J. M., & Oades, J. M. (1982). Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils. Journal of Soil Science, 33(2), 141–163.
Toparlar, Y., Blocken, B., Maiheu, B., & van Heijst, G. J. F. (2018). The effect of an urban park on the microclimate in its vicinity: A case study for Antwerp, Belgium. International Journal of Climatology, 38, e303–e322.
Turbé, A., Toni, A. D., Benito, P., Lavelle, P., Lavelle, P., Ruiz, N., Putten, W. H. V. D., Labouze, E., Mudgal, S., De Toni, A., Benito, P., Lavelle, P. P., Ruiz, N., Van der Putten, W., Labouze, E., & Mudgal, S. (2010). Soil biodiversity: Functions, threaths and tools for policy makers. In: Bio Intelligence Service, IRD, and NIOO, Report for European Commission (DG Environment).
Van den Berg, A. E., Jorgensen, A., & Wilson, E. R. (2014). Evaluating restoration in urban green spaces: Does setting type make a diffe¬rence? Landscape and Urban Planning, 127, 173–181.
van den Bosch, M., & Ode Sang, Å. (2017). Urban natural environments as nature-based solutions for improved public health – A systematic review of reviews. Environmental Research, 158, 373–384.
Vieira, J., Matos, P., Mexia, T., Silva, P., Lopes, N., Freitas, C., Cor¬reia, O., Santos-Reis, M., Branquinho, C., & Pinho, P. (2018). Green spaces are not all the same for the provision of air purificati¬on and climate regulation services: The case of urban parks. Environmental Research, 160, 306–313.
Williams, N. D., & Petticrew, E. L. (2009). Aggregate stability in orga¬nically and conventionally farmed soils. Soil Use and Manage¬ment, 25(3), 284–292.
Xie, Q., Yue, Y., Sun, Q., Chen, S., Lee, S.-B., & Kim, S. W. (2019). Assessment of ecosystem service values of urban parks in impro¬ving air quality: A case study of Wuhan, China. Sustainability, 11(22), 6519.
Yakovenko, V., & Zhukov, O. (2021). Zoogenic structure aggregation in steppe and forest soils. In: Dmytruk, Y., & Dent, D. (Eds.). Soils under stress. Springer International Publishing, Cham. Pp. 111–127.
Yang, X., Tan, X., Chen, C., & Wang, Y. (2020). The influence of ur¬ban park characteristics on bird diversity in Nanjing, China. Avian Research, 11(1), 45.
Zhevelev, H., & Sarah, P. (2008). The effect of visitors’ pressure on the spatial variability of sandy soil in an urban parks in Tel Aviv. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 142, 35–46.